{# load django_bootstrap5#%} CCDB server
Prof. Itay Mayrose Lab - Plant Evolution, bioinformatics, & comparative genomics


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CCDBAngiospermsSolanaceaeCapsicumCapsicum annuum L.

118 chromosome counts in Capsicum annuum L.:


Name Accepted Name Gametophytic(n) Sporophytic(2n) Data Source reference
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12, 24 flora of NW Europe http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3357
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   Goldberg, pers comm  
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   Goldberg, pers comm  
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   Goldberg, pers comm  
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   Goldberg, pers comm  
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   Goldberg, pers comm  
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN online Prakash, N. S., N. Lakshmi & I. Harini. 1988. Cytological effects of agricultural chemicals II. Effects of fungicides "Bavistin" and "Deltan" on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Cytologia 53: 709–715.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   26 IPCN online Lakshmi, N. & P. Nalini. 1987. Cytology of a tetrasomic plant of Capsicum annuum L. Curr. Sci. 56: 1181–1182.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 13-24(irr.) 24 IPCN online Rao, G. R. & O. A. Kumar. 1983a. Cytogenetics of spontaneous desynaptic mutant in chillies (Capsicum annuum L.). Cytologia 48: 195–199.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN online Bir, S. S., S. Kumari, S. P. Shoree & M. S. Sagoo. 1978. Cytological studies in certain Bicarpellatae from north and central India. J. Cytol. Genet. 13: 99–106.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Devadas, N., M. V. Rajam & K. Subhash. 1986. Comparative mutagenicity of four organophosphorous insecticides in meiotic system of red pepper. Cytologia 51: 645–653.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN online Lakshmi, N. & N. S. Murthy. 1983. A spontaneous triple translocation heterozygote in Capsicum annuum L. Sci. & Cult. 49: 325–326.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12 24 IPCN online Tanksley, S. D. 1984. Linkage relationships and chromosomal locations of enzyme-coding genes in pepper, Capsicum annuum. Chromosoma 89: 352–360.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   38-96 IPCN online Rao, K. G. R., I. Harini & O. A. Kumar. 1987. Colchicine induced chromosome mosaicism in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 97: 55–61.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Limaye, V. A. & V. P. Patil. 1989. Karyomorphological studies in the genus Capsicum Linn. Cytologia 54: 455–463.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 3-20, irr.   IPCN online Lakshmi, N., N. S. Prakash, I. Harini & Y. R. Rao. 1989. A case of spontaneous cytomixis coupled with desynapsis in Capsicum annuum L. Cytologia 54: 287–291.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   25 IPCN online Lakshmi, N., I. Harini & N. S. Prakash. 1990. Cytological behaviour of primary trisomics in Capsicum annuum L. J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 91–96.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12II   IPCN online Conicella, C., A. Errico & F. Saccardo. 1990. Cytogenetic and isozyme studies of wild and cultivated Capsicum annuum. Genome 33: 279–282.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12II   IPCN online Prakash, N. S., I. Harini & N. Lakshmi. 1992. Interchange heterozygosity in a yellow leaf mutant of Capsicum annuum L. Cytologia 57: 81–83.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Moscone, E. A., M. Lambrou, A. T. Hunziker & F. Ehrendorfer. 1993. Giemsa C-banded karyotypes in Capsicum (Solanaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 186: 213–229.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Murín, A. 1993. Karyologické atúdium okrasn@3ych rastlín flóry Slovenska. Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 441–445.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Singh, C. P., P. Singh & S. K. Sharma. 1991. Irradiation studies in Capsicum annuum (L.) (Solanaceae). Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 78(3,VIII): 145.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. irr. 36 IPCN online Lakshmi, N., P. Nalini & T. Srivalli. 1994. Cytogenetical studies on some auto and asynaptic triploids obtained in an intervarietal cross male sterile x X206 of Capsicum annuum L. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., B 60: 151–156.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Phulari, S. S. & G. B. Dixit. 1996. Cytological studies in Capsicum: I---Karyomorphological studies in parents and hybrids of Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. Advances Pl. Sci. 9(2): 111–119.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Badr, A., S. F. Khalifa, A. I. Aboel-Atta & M. M. Abou-El-Enain. 1997. Chromosomal criteria and taxonomic relationships in the Solanaceae. Cytologia 62: 103–113.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Devi, N. 1993. Cytomorphological studies in 5 varieties of Capsicum annuum Linn. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 80(3:VIII): 138.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Zhang, C. s. 1998. Study on chromosmes of 5 species of plants. J. Yunnan Educ. Coll., Nat. Sci. Ed. 5: 44–46, 55.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Zhang, C. s. 1998. A preliminary study on making plant chromosomal specimens using peppermint oil compound as pretreatment agent. J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 16(3): 280–282.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12 12 IPCN online Meshram, L. D., M. N. Narkhede & N. Y. Deshmukh. 1981. Spontaneous multiple translocations in Capsicum annuum L. Cytologia 46: 75–79.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN online Meshram, L. D., M. N. Narkhede & P. G. Sawarkar. 1981a. Induced triploidy in Capsicum annuum L. Sci. & Cult. 47: 334.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12,24 24 IPCN online Bir, S. S., S. Kumari, S. P. Shoree & M. S. Sagoo. 1978a. Cytological studies in certain Bicarpeilatse from north and central India. J. Cytol. Genet. 13: 99–106.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12 24 IPCN online Bir, S. S. & Neelam. 1980. In Chromosome number reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 711.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 13-24(irr.) 24 IPCN online Cawood, A.H. & J. K. Jones. 1980. Chromosome behaviour during meiotic prophase in the Solanaceae. Chromosoma 80: 57–68.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12 (irreg.) 24 IPCN online INDIRA, C. & S. Abraham. 1978. Cytomixis during microsporogenesis in a tetraploid Capsicum annuum Linn. New Bot. 5: 59–62.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Chen, R. y., W. q. Song, X. l. Li, M. x. Li, G. l. Liang, Z. p. An, C. b. Chen, Z. x. Qi & Y. z. Sun. 2003. Chromosome Atlas of Major Economic Plants Genome in China, Vol. 2, Chromosome Atlas of Crops and their Wild Kindred Plants in China Relatives. Science Press, Beijing.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Alexeeva, O. G. 1999. Pecularities of meiosis in Capsicum annuum L. Citologija 41(12): 1054.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Sengupta, K., A. Pal & A. K. Datta. 1999. Environmental stress induced desynapsis in Capsicum annuum L. and in Solanum americanum Mill. J. Natl. Bot. Soc. 53(1&2): 39–43.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN online Cequea. 2006. Identification of paracentric inversions in Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae). Cytologia 71(4): 325–330.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Li, R. q. 1989. Studies on Karyotypes of Vegetables in China
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN online Lydia Prasad, Y. & K. G. R. Rao. 1983. Meiosis in autotriploid Physalis pubescens L. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 70(3–VI): 89.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Hu, J., R. q. Li & Z. s. Zeng. 1989. A cytotaxonomical study on Capsicum in China. Pp. 273--275 in D. Hong (editor), Plant Chromosome Research 1987.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Limaye, V. A. & V. P. Patil. 1989. Karyomorphological studies in the genus Capsicum Linn. Cytologia 54: 455–463.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Li, G. t. & T. Liang. 1993. Karyotype studies on 4 taxa of Capsicum. Guihaia 13: 155–158.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Moscone, E. A., J. Loidl, F. Ehrendorfer & A. T. Hunziker. 1995. Analysis of active nucleolus organizing regions in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by silver staining. Amer. J. Bot. 82(2): 276–287.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Phulari, S. S. & G. B. Dixit. 1996. Cytological studies in Capsicum: I---Karyomorphological studies in parents and hybrids of Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. Advances Pl. Sci. 9(2): 111–119.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Badr, A., S. F. Khalifa, A. I. Aboel-Atta & M. M. Abou-El-Enain. 1997. Chromosomal criteria and taxonomic relationships in the Solanaceae. Cytologia 62: 103–113.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Moscone, E. A., M. Lambrou & F. Ehrendorfer. 1996. Fluorescent chromosome banding in the cultivated species of Capsicum (Solanaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 202: 37–63.
  Capsicum annuum var. annuum Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Hu, J., R. q. Li & Z. s. Zeng. 1989. A cytotaxonomical study on Capsicum in China. Pp. 273--275 in D. Hong (editor), Plant Chromosome Research 1987.
  Capsicum annuum var. annuum Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Moscone, E. A. 1993. Estudios cromosómicos en Capsicum (Solanaceae) II. Analisis cariotípico de C. parvifolium y C. annuum var. annuum. Kurtziana 22: 9–18.
  Capsicum annuum var. annuum Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Moscone, E. A., J. Loidl, F. Ehrendorfer & A. T. Hunziker. 1995. Analysis of active nucleolus organizing regions in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by silver staining. Amer. J. Bot. 82(2): 276–287.
  Capsicum annuum var. annuum Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Moscone, E. A., M. Lambrou & F. Ehrendorfer. 1996. Fluorescent chromosome banding in the cultivated species of Capsicum (Solanaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 202: 37–63.
!   Capsicum annuum var. conoides (Mill.) Irish Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Chen, R. y., W. q. Song, X. l. Li, M. x. Li, G. l. Liang & C. b. Chen. 2003. Chromosome Atlas of Major Economic Plants Genome in China, Vol. 3, Chromosome Atlas of Garden Flowering Plants in China. Science Press, Beijing.
  Capsicum annuum var. fasciculatum (Sturtev.) Irish Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Li, G. t. & T. Liang. 1993. Karyotype studies on 4 taxa of Capsicum. Guihaia 13: 155–158.
!   Capsicum annuum var. grossum (Willd.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Li, R. q. 1989. Studies on Karyotypes of Vegetables in China
!   Capsicum annuum var. grossum (Willd.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Hu, J., R. q. Li & Z. s. Zeng. 1989. A cytotaxonomical study on Capsicum in China. Pp. 273--275 in D. Hong (editor), Plant Chromosome Research 1987.
!   Capsicum annuum var. longum (DC.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN online Li, R. q. 1989. Studies on Karyotypes of Vegetables in China
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN66 Baquar et al. 1966
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN66 Shopova 1966
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN66 Shopova 1966
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN72 GILL, L.S. 1972. Chromosome numbers in West-Himalayan bicarpellate species II. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99: 36-38.
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN67-71 SHOPOVA, M. 1966. Non-synchronized meiotic division within an anther in Capsicum. Godisen Zbornik (Skopje univ.) Biol. 17-18: 113-116.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12 24 IPCN67-71 NOVAK, F., & J, BETLACH. 1970. Meiotic irregularities in pollen sterile sweet pepper (Capsicum~ L.). Cytologia 35: 335-343.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN67-71 BAQUAR, S.R. 1967. Cytomorphological studies in the family Solanaceae from West Pakistan. Genetica 38: 388-397
!   Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum Fingerh. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN67-71 DATTA, P.C. 1968. Karyology of Indian varieties of Capsicum annuum Linn. (Solanaceae). Caryologia 21: 121-126.
!   Capsicum annuum var. conoides (Mill.) Irish Capsicum annuum L.   24, 36 IPCN67-71 DATTA, P.C. 1968. Karyology of Indian varieties of Capsicum annuum Linn. (Solanaceae). Caryologia 21: 121-126.
!   Capsicum annuum var. grossum (Willd.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24, 36, 48 IPCN67-71 DATTA, P.C. 1968. Karyology of Indian varieties of Capsicum annuum Linn. (Solanaceae). Caryologia 21: 121-126.
!   Capsicum annuum var. longum (DC.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN67-71 DATTA, P.C. 1968. Karyology of Indian varieties of Capsicum annuum Linn. (Solanaceae). Caryologia 21: 121-126.
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN67-71 SHOPOVA, M. 1966. Non-synchronized meiotic division within an anther in Capsicum. Godisen Zbornik (Skopje univ.) Biol. 17-18: 113-116.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN75-78 Ramalingam 1977
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN75-78 Katiyar 1978
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN75-78 Sopova 1967
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12 IPCN75-78 Indira & Abraham 1977
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12II IPCN75-78 10II+1IV
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN75-78 Hindakova 1978
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12 IPCN75-78 Bapa & Lakshmi 1977
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN75-78 Sopova 1967
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN75-78 Vasudevan 1975
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24, 36 IPCN73-74 CHENNAVEERAIAH, M.S., & A.F. HABIB. 1973. Cytomorphological studies in a spontaneous triploid of Capsicum annuum L. Cytologia 38: 677-685.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. 12   IPCN73-74 REDDI, M.V., & G.M. RAO. 1974. Somatic karyotype and chiasma frequency in Capsicum annuum L. Cytologia 39: 581-584.
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 IPCN73-74 FRITSCH, R. 1970. Chromosomenzahlen von Pflanzen der Insel Kuba. I. Kulturpflanze 18: 189-197.
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12 Kumar, 1987 Kostoff, D. 1926 (Tischler, G. 1927) ~ Christensen & Bamford (Fedorov) ~ Milovidov, P. 1960; Thombre, M.V. & Mehetre, S.S. 1979
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   22 Kumar, 1987 Lakshmi, N. et al. 1978
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Kumar, 1987 Vilmorin, R. de & Simonet, M. 1928 ;. Huskins, C.L. & La Cour, L. 1930 ~ Sugiura, T. 1931, 1936b; Yamamoto, K. & Sakai, K. 1932 ; Tokunaga, K. 1934 ; Pal, B. B. et al. 1941 ; Janaki Ammal, E.K. (D. 1945) ; Delay, C. 1947 ; Sinha, N.P. 1950a ; Smith, P.G. & Heiser, C.B. 1951, 1957; Heiser, C.B. & Smith, P.G. 1953 ; Pichenot, M. 1959; Ohta, Y. 1961, 1962a, b; Shopova, M. 1966b, c; Baquar, S.R. et al. 1966; Baquar, S.R. 1967a; Novak, F. & Betlach, J. 1970; Gill, L.S. 1972; Reddi, M.V. & Rao, G.M. 1974; Katiyar, R.B. 1977, 1978; Lakshmi, N. & Rao, N.B. 1977b, 1978 ; Joshi, M.M. & Khalatkar, A.S. 1978 ; Mehetre, S.S. et al. 1979; Meshram, L.D. 1979 ; Bir, S.S. & Neelam 1980; Sadanandam, A. et al. 1981
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24, 48 Kumar, 1987 Murthy, B.S. et al. 1968 ; Indira, C. & Abraham, S. 1977
!   Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum Fingerh. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Kumar, 1987 Datta, P.C. 1968
!   Capsicum annuum var. conoides (Mill.) Irish Capsicum annuum L.   24, 36 Kumar, 1987 Datta, P.C. 1968
!   Capsicum annuum var. grossum (Willd.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24, 36, 48 Kumar, 1987 Datta, P.C. 1968
!   Capsicum annuum var. longum (DC.) Sendtn. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Kumar, 1987 Datta, P.C. 1968
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Kumar, 1987 Greenleaf, W.H. 1947; Sinha, N.P. 1950a; Smith, P.G. & Heiser, C.B. 1951, 1957; Heiser, C.B. & Smith, P.G. 1953 ; Morgan, D.T. & Rappleye, R.D. 1954; Ohta, Y. 1961, 1962a, b; Raghuvanshi, S.S. & Joshi, S. 1964; Raman, V.S. et al. 1964 ; Shopova, M. 1966b, c; von Reinhard, F. 1970
!   Capsicum angulosum Mill. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Sinha 1950a
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12 Fedorov, 1974 KocTou 1926 (T. 1927)
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12 Fedorov, 1974 Christensen, Bamford 1943
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   12 Fedorov, 1974 Milovidov 1960
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Vilmorin, Simonet 1928
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Huskins, La Cour 1930
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Sugiura 1931. 1936b
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Yamamoto, Sakai 1932
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Tokunaga 1934
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Pal B. B. et al. 1941
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 D. 1955)
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Janaki Ammal
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 D. 1945\
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Delay 1947
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Sinha N. P. 1950a
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Smith P. G., Heiser 1951, 1957
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Heiser, Smith P. G. 1953
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Ohta 1961, 1962a, b
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Shopova 1966b
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Baquar et al. 1966
!   Capsicum cordiforme Mill. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Fedorov, 1974 Sinha N. P. 1950a
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24(36, 48) Darlington, 1955 SpVVit Trop. Amer., cult
!   Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Darlington, 1955 Sinha 1950a
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Darlington, 1955 Sinha 1950a
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   (48) Darlington, 1955  
  Capsicum annuum var. annuum Capsicum annuum L.   24 C-values database Moscone EA, Baranyi M, Ebert I, Greilhuber J, Ehrendorfer F, Hunziker AT. 2003. Analysis of nuclear DNA content in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by flow cytometry and Feulgen densitometry. Annals of Botany 92: 21-29.
!   Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 C-values database Moscone EA, Baranyi M, Ebert I, Greilhuber J, Ehrendorfer F, Hunziker AT. 2003. Analysis of nuclear DNA content in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by flow cytometry and Feulgen densitometry. Annals of Botany 92: 21-29.
  Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Cave1962 Ohta 1962a, c
  Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum annuum L.   24 Cave1962 Ohta 1962a, c